Toutatis / Science

Science · Toutatis

What the research says about Toutatis

These are six research papers, all free to read on arXiv, about Toutatis. We summarize each one in plain English from its abstract.

  • Papers 6
  • Topics 4
  • Reviewed Oct 24, 2026
  • Source arXiv.org
Illustrative · not to scale

Our own artist's impression. No figures are taken from the papers.

Known so far

Every number links to the paper it comes from.

Maximum length
4.75km1From Chang’e-2 images (± 10%); width about 1.95 km.
Geometric albedo
0.1853Typical of S-type asteroids.
01

Size, shape & spin

2 papers

How big Toutatis is, what shape it has and how it spins.

[1]2013astro-ph.EPPeer-reviewed

The Ginger-shaped Asteroid 4179 Toutatis: New Observations from a Successful Flyby of Chang'e-2

Jiangchuan Huang, Jianghui Ji, Peijian Ye & 26 others

What they foundChang'e-2 flew within about 770 m of Toutatis and found a ginger-root shape about 4.75 × 1.95 km, with a giant basin, boulders and regolith.

Why it mattersThe two-lobed shape suggests Toutatis is a contact binary and probably a rubble pile.
What they studied

Images from China's Chang'e-2 flyby on 13 December 2012.

Source for: Maximum length

[2]2015astro-ph.EPPeer-reviewed

Orientation and Rotational Parameters of Asteroid 4179 Toutatis: New Insights from Chang'e-2's Close Flyby

Yuhui Zhao, Jianghui Ji, Jiangchuan Huang & 4 others

What they foundCombining flyby images and decades of radar pinned down Toutatis's orientation and its tumbling spin state.

Why it mattersToutatis is a classic example of an asteroid that tumbles rather than spinning neatly.
What they studied

Chang'e-2 images plus ground-based radar.

02

Surface & composition

2 papers

What Toutatis is made of and how its surface behaves.

[3]2019astro-ph.EPPeer-reviewed

The Geometric Albedo of (4179) Toutatis Estimated from KMTNet DEEP-South Observations

Yoonsoo P. Bach, Masateru Ishiguro, Sunho Jin & 6 others

What they foundToutatis has a geometric albedo of about 0.185, typical of S-type asteroids.

Why it mattersAlbedo is needed to turn brightness into size and to interpret its surface.
What they studied

KMTNet telescope photometry at opposition in April 2018, corrected with the radar shape model.

Source for: Geometric albedo

[4]2012astro-ph.EPPreprint

Composition of Near-Earth Asteroid (4179) Toutatis

Vishnu Reddy, Juan Andreas Sanchez, Michael Gaffey & 3 others

What they foundToutatis's surface looks like an undifferentiated L-chondrite meteorite.

Why it mattersThat overturned earlier suggestions that it came from a melted, differentiated body.
What they studied

Spectral analysis of its reflected light.

03

Origins & history

1 paper

Where Toutatis came from and how it formed and changed over time.

[5]2018astro-ph.EPPreprint

The formation mechanism of 4179 Toutatis' elongated bi-lobed structure in a close Earth encounter scenario

Shoucun Hu, Jianghui Ji, Derek C. Richardson & 2 others

What they foundToutatis's stretched two-lobed shape could have formed when a separated binary passed close to Earth, its two parts collided slowly, and Earth's tides stretched the result.

Why it mattersIt links Toutatis's odd shape to its close encounters with Earth.
What they studied

Numerical simulations of a binary asteroid passing Earth, compared with Chang'e-2 images.

04

Missions

1 paper

Spacecraft that have visited, or are planned to study, Toutatis.

[6]2015astro-ph.EPPeer-reviewed

Chang'e-2 spacecraft observations of asteroid 4179 Toutatis

Jianghui Ji, Yun Jiang, Yuhui Zhao & 2 others

What they foundThe flyby images show an 800-m depression at one end, a sharp neck and many boulders.

Why it mattersIt summarises what the first Chinese asteroid flyby revealed and previews later Chinese missions.
What they studied

Chang'e-2 flyby observations.

New research

New papers on Toutatis, checked weekly, summarized after a person reads it.

RSS feed

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How we choose papers

We search arXiv for Toutatis papers and keep the ones that add something new, are clearly written up and are relevant to a general reader. A person reads every abstract.

Our own words, our own drawings

Summaries are written by us from each paper’s abstract, not copied. Diagrams are our own simplified drawings, not figures from the papers.

Preprint vs. peer-reviewed

“Peer-reviewed” means arXiv lists a journal reference for the paper. Everything else is marked “Preprint”: shared openly, possibly before or without journal review.

Paper metadata courtesy of arXiv. Summaries written by us; read the original papers via the links. Paper metadata from arXiv.org, which does not endorse this site.